Organisational studies The effective of Team work and problems faced

Organisational studies The effective of Team work and problems faced 1- Introduction Groups and teams form a key part of life in work organization, coordination and cooperation are the most activities taking place within organizations which is only achieved by people working together. We always work as groups in our families, communities and educational systems, neighborhoods. There is no suspicion that the success of organization depends on the performance of its groups and teams. And by mobilizing groups and team the organization can meet its competitive demand in the challenging environment In the last years competitive environment have lead to the managers to concern and ensure more on the groups and teams performance very well. By implementation teamwork in the organization its lead to reduce the costs and to increase the profits which are the key in any competitive market in todays economic climate. Managing groups is the most important aspect because most of the organization work done within group so to manage this group its requires Planning- Organizing- Leading- Controlling (P-O-L-C) functions. This paper illustrate understanding the meaning of teamwork and groups and identifying the varied types of team and the three level of structure which are influencing teams and its importance in the organization behavior, understanding of tools and techniques that increasing the effectiveness of teamwork in organization. Extend analysis of group and team working. And critically important to understand how groups and teams contribute to organization effectiveness. While their effect is potentially positive. 2- Teams in Organization At the beginning of 1990s the use of teams within organization has been raised dramatic, such as the Miller Brewing Company increasing productivity 30% by using teams comparing with traditional organization. And also many organization they obtained benefits by using teams, Instruments in Malaysia to reduce defects from 100 parts per million to 20 parts per million. Furthermore, Westinghouse reduced its cycle time from 12 weeks to 2 weeks, and Harris Electronics was able to achieve an 18% reduction in costs.(  [1]  ) Many companies switch to use teams and they did good job like Square D, they changed to self-directed teams and found that overtime on machines, than the production increased because the setup operators were able to control the work in much more effective ways than a manager could say.(  [2]  ) 2.1. Definitions of Effective Teams One of the most popular definitions by Schein defines a group in psychological terms as any number of people who interact with one another; are psychologically aware of one another; and perceive themselves to be a group (  [3]  ) Handy confirms this more simple-mind as any collection of people who perceive themselves as a group (  [4]  ) however both of this two definition doesnt summarize why people work as a group, maybe this definition is better a group is a collection of two or more people who interact with one another regularly to achieve common goals. In the a group within this definition, members Are mutually dependent on one another to achieve common goals and Interact regularly with one another to pursue those goals over a sustained period of time. (  [5]  ) Effective group is a group achieves high level of task performance and human resource performance in the standers sense of quantity, quality and timeline of work tasks. And a group whose members believe that their participation and experiences are positive and meet important personal needs. (  [6]  ) 2.2. Types of groups (Formal and Informal groups) In organization, the groups can classify by two basic types Formal and Informal Groups. Formal Group: Its an official group of people who designed to serve specific organizational purpose, and its contain of managers, subordinates, or both close relations among group members that influence the behavior of individuals in the group. The head of the formal group is responsible for the groups performance, but all members contribute the required work. Managers are typically seen as playing a key linchpin role that ties group horizontally and vertically with the rest of the organization.(  [7]  ) Informal group: Informal groups are groups that appear unofficially and are not formally designed as parts of the organization, and contain of two or more individuals who are related with one another in ways not prescribed by the formal organization. And they occur through spontaneous personal relationships and specific interest. Not by organization support. Friendship group contains of a group of people which they have a good relation with natural affinities to each other. And they prefer to do work together and even smoking, eating lunch and also socialize together. 3- Stages of Group Development There is a robust model in 1965 which is still widely used today presented by American organizational psychologist Bruce Tuckman. He proposed a four stages map of group evaluation known as Forming- Storming- Norming- Performing Model.(  [8]  ) and then he enhance his model by adding the fifth stage called Adjourning. Figure 1.1. Stages of a Group Development Model Forming Stage In the forming stage the group members maybe know each other for the first time or maybe there some members know each other, and the group come to gather for the first time so initial of this stage the group member start thinking about the future and the next stage, and member ask some question as he begin to identify with other group members and with the group itself, because the high level of uncertainty, and the member tend to act more polite and avoid conflict and observant. Storming Stage In the storming stage of group development is a period when the member feel save and feel included in the group, then the storming stage start becoming more genuine and more confrontational. In this stage conflict arise, hostility and infighting it may happen. And some members feel the tasks are unfair some harder and easier, and now the leader should identify the problems and work out for the solutions and looking to satisfied everyones goals. But in this stage the members become more authentic as they state their deeper thoughts and feelings, and start to understand interpersonal styles and effort made by each member to find the method to achieve group goals and in the same way satisfied groups needs. Norming Stage The norming stage at group development, at this stage the group start to come together as a group, and the group members feel more committed to the each other and for the group goals and tasks, and they start to establish their own norms and rules and their goals and operating procedures. Hopefully in this stage the team starts to come together and members tends to be more open, helpful, and respect to each other and they may to share their personal information. At this point need to be carefully managed and the leader should become more of a facilitator by letting the group presume more responsibility for its goals and tasks. Performing stage The performing stage at group development, in this stage the team members should be more mature and willing to solve any complex tasks. In this stage group develop, well functional group, organized, mutual assistant, creativity, understanding goals and roles, and independence, primary challenges should contain to improve relationships and performance. Now the group members are motivated and generally satisfied. Adjourning stage Its an important stage for temporary groups, and its an well integration group which able to disband when its work finished and willing to work together in the future. And in this stage the group closure, symbolism, and they do some ceremonies, and emotional support. Figure 1.2. Stages of a Group Development Model Forming Adjourning Storming Norming Performing Uncertainty about groups, structure and leadership Conflict confrontation among group members Members settle into Team Fully functional and accepted End of team {in case of task} 4- Nature of the group Task There are many tasks that the group asks to perform it but also demand different things on them. The social demands contain relationships; members identify how to achieve the task and agreement. When the group faces a complex and technical task it will require a lot of information processing and solution. And the more the task complex the harder the group to perform more effective. (  [9]  ) However if the group want to achieve goals they have to distribute their efforts broadly and actively, by this the group members will be highly satisfied with each other and accomplishments. 5- Membership characteristics The characteristics of group members its an important inputs which may affect the way the group operates and achievements. The group must have high skills and competencies to solve and perform the problem and talents alone cannot assure good results. In Homogeneous groups, are groups whose members have similar backgrounds, interests, values, and attitude etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. but they still facing the limitation of their collective skills. In Heterogeneous groups, are groups whose members have diverse age, gender, experience, backgrounds, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and there is a wide range of talent and viewpoints for solving problem. But because of this diversity the group members will face difficulties in the short run or early stages of group development by defining problem, share information and deal with interpersonal conflicts .however, research confirms that diversity can be turned into enhanced performance potential. (  [10]  ) The Diversity consensus dilemma refers to a tendency for diversity in group membership to make it harder for people to work together even though diversity itself expands a group problem solving capacity.(  [11]  ) 6- Group Size Group size can also have an influence the on group effectiveness. By having large group members which will help increasing the performance and satisfaction by dividing up the work and accomplish tasks. Anyway, when the group continues growing in size a lots of problems will occur, communication and coordination problems set in, turnover, absenteeism and dissatisfaction. Even logistical matters, like to find a place to meet and also time, the large group will hurt the performance.(  [12]  ) the most effective number of members of group is between five to seven members, the group with less than five its might be so small to share the sufficient responsible. And with group members more than seven it might be hard to participate and offer ideas. And in big group it might be some members tend to act aggressive and to split into coalitions or subgroups.(  [13]  ) groups with odd number it might be more effective and efficient because speed of decision and using majority to resolve disagreements. But when careful discussions are necessary and the emphasis is more on agreement. 7- The Effective management and leadership systems According to the Dr.Rensis Likert whichs did lots of research on human behavior within organization, especially in Industry sector, by establish a effective climate and a system of management that the key of good leadership and he confirmed that to reach the maximum profitability, high productivity and good relationships between the labors the organization have got to make the most advantageous use of their human assets. After he did a research for many years he identified four systems of management: System 1- Exploitive Authoritative System 2- Benevolent Authoritative System 3- Consultative System 4- Participative Exploitive Authoritative In this system the responsible are the high levels of managements and the lower have almost nothing, and the decisions are on subordinates and the communication is very a little and no teamwork. Benevolent Authoritative Leadership is by a condescending form of master-servant trust, Where motivation is primarily rewards, and just the managerial level feels responsible and lower levels do not, and also there is a small communication and teamwork, Consultative leadership is by superiors who have substantial but not complete trust of their subordinates ,where a big amount of workers, especially those at high levels take responsible to accomplishing a organization goals, and some vertical and horizontal communication and a some of teamwork. Participative In this system where Likert found that it is the optimum solution, where the leadership is by superiors which they have full confidence in their subordinates and there are a economics rewards based on achieving the specific goals and high level on communication and significant amount of cooperative teamwork. 8- Characteristics of participative management system Groups work high effectively and linked together by other similar effective groups. High level of confidence between superiors and subordinates by depending and using on them. Superiors always attempt to tap ideas on subordinates and use them to achieve it. Workers feel responsible for organizations goals. High level of communications between groups and individuals to achieve organizations goals. The subordinates feel fully involved the decision making process.(  [14]  ) (  [15]  ) Role ambiguity, role conflict and role overload/ underload its a common problem in groups when the team members feel unclear about their roles or experience conflicting role, and it can be managed when the leaders and team members identifies conflicts and ambiguities role and take procedures to explain role expectations. Role ambiguity arise when the worker feel uncertain or dont know exactly about his or her role. To do jobs perfectly, members should know what is expected from them, and in many new teams because the role ambiguity it create problem like some members work efforts are wasted or unappreciated by others in the team. Even in the mature group the fail to share expectation and listen to each other it may make similar lack of understanding. Role overload Arise when the worker has a lot of work to and too much expected, role under load arise when worker dont work too much, feels underutilized and too little expected. By having clear and realistic expectations about their expected tasks and responsibilities typically the group members will benefit from that. Role conflict Arise when worker cannot meet the expectations of others. The worker understands what tasks and needs to be done but for some reason cannot fulfill, and can also reduce and effect satisfaction and relationships with group members. There are four common forms of the role conflict: Intra-sender role conflict occurs when the same person sends conflicting expectations. Inter-sender role conflict occurs when different people signal conflicting and mutually exclusive expectations. Person-role conflict occurs when ones personal values and needs come into conflict with role expectations. Inter-role conflict occurs when the expectations of two or more roles held by the same individual become incompatible, such as the conflict between work and family demands. (  [16]  ) Lists of References Likert,R.(1961), New Patterns of management, McGrawHill. Likert, R. (1967), The Human Organization: Its Management and Value, McGrawHill.

Sauna pants

The pants are simple to wear with adjust-ability in waists and thighs but still, since it has limited sizes to fit all types of body shape for both men and women, there are complaints grading inconvenience among users' reviews. You have the option to dial your desired temperature, but by sacrificing the moving-around due to the 4- inch cord. On the other hand, it is guaranteed 100% money back in 90 days after purchase for the relatively reasonable price $29. 99 – $39. 95 (compared to a standard sauna normally around $40-$60).No matter how promising this product may sound, if you wish to lose real weight this is not a desirable equipment. One deficiency is no clinical test or patent being mentioned; hence, skin irritations or other health-related problems like infertility are upon your own risk. Like how the claim ingeniously claims, the user just gets rid of some extra water weight, a small amount of weight that will be easily gained back during a re-hydration session. No musc le workouts or any kind of physical activities is needed while the real weight loss plan lies in the reduction of fat volume, leaving muscle and water remained.Same heating mechanism to accelerate water weight loss, we have another apparel item, the sauna suit. Unlike the sauna pants, the sauna suit â€Å"features high insulation and low water vapor permeability, due to the thickness and the lit-layered fabric design†, then serves as a major physiologic defense against overheating through sweating during vigorous physical activity, which makes it by far a more effective product in support of weight loss according to a research about sport bra and integral fitted sauna suit.Regarding the warm, relaxed treatment for soothing sore joints or tight muscles, it is just a temporarily relieved feel due to the heat, which a light intensity of exercise or a heating pad can do the same with far lesser cost. Legend the discussed understandings, would not use it for the sake of losing wei ght, nor commend it to anyone. This product is no use in any perspectives, also promotes laziness towards work-outs and unrealistic crave for healthy well- being with no effort.

Pro Life And Pro Choice Essay - 1915 Words

Rawls and Nagel would support Hillary Clinton’s stance on abortion in a secular society, regardless of certain comprehensive doctrines, if we are to call the state just and rational. If we were to consider that women were rational beings, as we should, then rationally the issue of abortion would not be a dilemma. Since we live in a pluralistic society where all citizens comprehensive doctrines are free to be heard, this issue of pro-life and pro-choice becomes a controversy. This creates tension within the public sphere between religious citizens and the public sphere. This can be demonstrated between the different ideology of four theologians. Michael Sandel and Thomas Nagel agree that banning abortion is not correct but they clash in the way that they justify this issue. John Rawls is consistent with Nagel s theory on the justification of abortion for women but not to the extent of Hillary Clinton’s late pregnancy abortion. Finally Ratzingers argues why rationality ca n not be the only source for the justification of abortion shows why this causes tensions between the religious citizens and public sphere. Hillary Clinton is a secular pro-choice advocate. For the most part Clinton stands faithfully by her Methodist Church traditions. She previously believed that abortion was consistently wrong with the exception that it would affect the mother but since then has changed her view. In 2016’s interview with NBC’s â€Å"Meet the Press†, Clinton clarifies her stance on abortion.Show MoreRelatedPro Choice Or Pro Life?1401 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 11/12 9 February 2017 Pro-Choice or Pro-Life? Abortion is a very controversial topic, and has been for many decades in the United States. Ever since the Supreme Court Case: Roe vs. Wade in 1973, an intense battle has raged forth. People who are against abortion are called Pro-Life; people who support abortion are Pro-Choice. The two main questions people try to answer on this issue are â€Å"Is the fetus a human being or not?† and â€Å"What is the definition of life?† According to Webster’s New WorldRead MorePro-Life or Pro-Choice1455 Words   |  6 Pagessplit into two different groups: Pro-Life and Pro-Choice. The Pro-Choice group believes women should be able to choose to have an abortion and it should be legal. Pro-Life is the complete opposite. They believe that abortion is murder and should be illegal for everyone. I am Pro-Life. Abortion is completely wrong and shouldn’t be legal or even thought of. My main reason is because abortion is immoral and to go through with an abortion takes away l ife. Taking a life is murder and is against the lawRead MorePro Life Or Pro Choice1524 Words   |  7 PagesPro-Life or Pro-choice is the highly debatable question that is discussed when the topic of abortion is brought up. Abortion is one of many controversial topics in America. Abortion is the early termination of a pregnancy. Merriam Webster’s dictionary defines abortion as; â€Å"the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: as a: spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation b: induced expulsionRead MorePro Choice And Pro Life1231 Words   |  5 Pagesyour view on the topic shows the type of person you are. There are two sides to this debate: Pro-Choice and Pro-life. In this case when you are Pro-choice you believe that women have the custody and rights to do what they want to with their baby. While many people believe in the women’s right, they donâ⠂¬â„¢t believe that murdering babies is going to solve anything. These people standpoints are called Pro-life. For my topic I wanted to go deeper into this worldwide debate. For my first abortion questionRead MorePro Choice And Pro Life1361 Words   |  6 Pagesis; â€Å"The termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to being capable of normal growth†. Abortion is one of the most controversial topics today. Although there are two sides of the debate pro-choice and pro life, arguments are mainly centered around the Roe v. Wade decision, women’s rights and state restrictive laws. Women faced many difficulties before Roe V. Wade case. After the case the court made abortions available to women in the United StatesRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1371 Words   |  6 Pagesare Actually being called as pro-life and pro-choice. According to the Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context, pro-life supporters have mentioned that life Really Actually begins at conception. Which means when the sperm hits the egg. So you know what that means, abortion at any particular stage in the pregnancy is actually murder. They also believe that life is very valuable and the life of the unborn baby has the same rights as the very much alive mother. Pro-choice supporters, on the other handRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1403 Words   |  6 Pagesmother, is a highly debated ethical issue. Abortion is an ethical issue because it involves violating the either the fetus’s natural right to live, or the mother’s right to freedom. The two most common approaches to this issue are pro-life and pro-choice. The pro-life approach argues that the fetus is a human who has sentience and natural rights, and therefore it is wrong to harm the unborn child. One of the most common issues within the abortion dilemma is the problem of personhood. There is debateRead MorePro Life Or Pro Choice1291 Words   |  6 PagesPro Life or Pro Choice The restrictions and the debate that surrounds the issue of abortion has changed dramatically throughout the course of history and it continues to change until this very moment. All around the world and in every known society, women have used abortion to control their reproduction, regardless of it’s legality. Abortion used to be exercised freely in the United Sates, up Until all the states started to ban It and place a lot of restrictions on it. They stated that a womanRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice Essay1772 Words   |  8 Pagesa result of the change in traditionalistic views, the power the doctors held for a long time was taken by women, and abortion simultaneously became not an issue of health, but one questioning morality as well as a woman’s right to choose: pro-life and pro-choice. In America, abortion policy has transitioned from an issue of health and morality to one of women’s rights over time due to the power shifting from doctors to women as a r esult of modernization and the change in how Americans saw religion;Read MorePro Life And Pro Choice1649 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society you are either a Pro-life or a Pro-choice, there is not a middle ground. Pro-life are individuals who believe abortion is immoral and should be stop for the wellbeing of women and unborn babies. In contrast, the Pro-choice individuals do not necessarily promote abortion, they just believe women should be the ones to make decisions over their bodies and health. Although the two main sides of the abortion debate have concerns for human life, pro-life activists worries more about the

Medical Healthcare Aspect - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 375 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Community Service Essay Did you like this example? Medical healthcare aspect of (the study of how people act towards each other) is simple but complex of studies of the effects of social and cultural factors on health and medicine. There specialists as a medical (expert at how groups of people relate to each other) is to help people view the healthcare system as facility of the (community of people/all good people in the world) and serve it by examining and improving all its parts/faces. It is a big step towards to (accomplish or gain with effort) the greatest majors opportunities in the history of medical careers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Medical Healthcare Aspect" essay for you Create order Medical (expert at how groups of people relate to each other) applies (related to careful studying or deep thinking) and (related to thinking a lot about what things mean to you) skills to help the healthcare facilities improve the conditions of patients and people (who take care of people). This may be through conducting research on the social factors affecting healthcare, providing education to people (who take care of people) and working with people to prevent sicknesses and speed up the recovery processes. It combines both medicinal and people-based aspects to offer effective solutions. The (the study of how people act towards each other) of health and illness focuses on the social effects of, and public attitudes toward, sicknesses, sicknesses, mental health and disabilities. This sub-field also overlaps with (the study of getting old) and the study of the (old/allowing to get old/getting older) process. Medical (the study of how people act towards each other), very differently, focuses on the inner-workings of medical organizations and medicine-based institutions. In Britain, (the study of how people act towards each other) was introduced into the medical (school courses) following the Good enough Report (1944). [1]Medical helpers do regular medicine-based and (related to managing and running a company or organization) responsibilities under the immediate supervision of a doctor or other healthcare professional. Medical helpers do many (related to managing and running a company or organization) responsibilities, including answering phones, greeting patients, updating and charging patients medical records, filling out policy varieties, managing agreement, planning assignments, arranging for hospital (act of letting someone enter/speaking the truth about something bad) and laboratory services, and handling billing and book keeping.

Philosophy of Nursing - 713 Words

Philosophy of Nursing The environment in which the patients are in plays a big role in their healing process. Florence Nightingale founded her nursing theory and philosophy on enhancing environmental factors to improve the patients overall health, healing and well-being. Nightingales attention to environment has added significance to the role environmental conditions play in human health status (Shaner, 2006). In Nightingale’s book, Notes of Nursing, she reflects on how air and water quality, noise, light, and diet and nutrition enhance the healing process. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is similar to Nightingale’s theory of nursing. They both believed that one’s basic needs must be met before they could achieve an optimal level of†¦show more content†¦Providing manager of care employs that you have to manage patient care delivery and appropriately delegate care. Nightingale practically invented delegation of nursing care. She believed that in order to ensure quality of care, appropriate nursing interventions should be delegated. Within the responsibility of delegation, Nightingale believed the one who delegated the task was ultimately held accountable for that specific nursing intervention. I believe that under the right circumstances and with the right personnel, delegation proves to ensure total quality care. Everyone who participates in the delegated task should fully agree and understand what the task entails. The RN assigned to a particular patient with delegated tasks is ultimately held accountable for each action. Nightingale was a member within the profession of nursing as she was a founder and changed the face of the nursing profession. She utilized ethical behaviors based on the Code of Ethics for Nurses when providing care. She believed that you should uphold your ethical standards when treating patients, to do no harm to them, and to treat them with respect and veracity. According to Nightingaleâ€⠄¢s assumptions, the nurse should be observant and confidential (Parker 2006). Confidentiality should always be practiced when treating the patient. Only persons directly involved in that particular patient’s care should know what is going on with thatShow MoreRelatedNursing Philosophy Of Nursing727 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction As a nursing student in the BSN program at West Coast University, I have discovered my skills and knowledge to prepare myself on how to be an efficient nurse as well as a nurse that truly cares for the best quality of care given to a patient. I have found some good qualities and insight in the paradigms to a philosophy of caring as a nurse. In this paper I will discuss the four paradigms of nursing which includes: Health, Nursing, Client/Person, and Environment. As a nurse, one mustRead MoreNursing Philosophy : Nursing And Nursing Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing Philosophy Nursing philosophy is defined as a nurse or students thought of what they believe to be true about the nature of the profession of nursing and to provide a base for nursing practice. (2016, para.1) The nursing field continues to develop into a professional scope of practice and nurses continue to work to develop a high standard for the profession. The values and skills that nurses’ learn as they care for patients continue to develop into rules and regulations for future nursesRead Morenursing philosophy1276 Words   |  6 Pages Nursing Philosophy: My Nursing Abstract Philosophy is a system of beliefs, it is often looked at as an effort to define nursing situations that is observed to exist or happen and serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations. 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I have always believed that beingRead MoreNursing Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Nursing932 Words   |  4 PagesMy Philosophy of Nursing My personal philosophy of nursing began at an early age watching my mother volunteer for 25 years on the local rescue squad, following in the footsteps of her mother. I learned that helping others in a time of need should always be a priority. Respect and dignity should always be shown to people, no matter the who they are or where they are from. I have and will continue to show compassion for others while administering professional holistic care, guided by the American

Modelling human decision-making Free Essays

This paper anchors the development of the simulation modeling the human decision making. Series of project have been made and applied to attest the model mentioned. In specific, the focus of the project is about the process of using simulation and the methods which extracts knowledge about human decision making. We will write a custom essay sample on Modelling human decision-making or any similar topic only for you Order Now One method used is the artificial intelligence method which figures out the decision-making strategies of human. And with this, it made possible to assess performance of the decision makers, who are the target respondents of the project. Moreover, the paper presents results of current projects done and motivational factors that affects the model, Human decision making. 1. Introduction There were previous studies and investigations made since mid-1990 on how to use and apply the artificial intelligence method as an alternative on the real subject, human decision making, in the simulation. This paper provides related literature that will be useful for present and future projects about simulation of human decision-making. Starting from an idea generated when attempting to model rail marshalling yards, an artificial example of simulation and expert systems working in collaboration was generated. The ideas were then applied to a real case of maintenance operations at an engine assembly plant. Future work is looking into simulation as a means of knowledge elicitation. The paper briefly describes each of these phases of work and concludes by discussing why it is important to model human decision-making† Conclusion: Why Model Human Decision Making? Modeling human decision-making process for the improvement of human decision-making is far more important than the improvement of AI simulators. The development of the human mind is more important because in complex situations, the mind is more reliable and flexible in terms of making decisions. Simulators are mere copies of what the human mind can do, and thus, it is not that flexible in terms of changes. How to cite Modelling human decision-making, Essay examples

Epilepsy Essay Research Paper Epilepsy 2 free essay sample

Epilepsy Essay, Research Paper Epilepsy In this study I plan to give a general overview of what epilepsy is. I will seek to give illustrations and types of ictuss, interventions, and in general some penetration into the whole capable affair. Many people regard epileptic ictuss as a disease while, in fact, they are non. A disease instead is more an unwellness, which tends to connote illness and being in hapless wellness. Since epilepsy surely is non that I don t think it has any mention or relativity to the term disease. Since there truly is no proper term for epilepsy I find it best to look at it as more a upset or symptom. A symptom is an event that is merely one of the few ways the encephalon has to responding to this sudden and unexpected internal procedure. This continuance of merely such a reaction constitutes epilepsy. In more elaborate nomenclature, a ictus is a paroxysmal ( sudden unexpected onslaught or eruption ) discharge of intellectual nervus cells evident to the individual and/or any perceiver. With every bit much we know about epilepsy most of it still remains a enigma. Why do some people develop it merely out of the blue? What causes most ictuss? Will there of all time be a manner to wholly halt epilepsy? To reply these inquiries would be hard, since cipher can. There are many theories, possibilities, and hopes but cipher knows yet if any will come true. It seems like so few people have epilepsy although that truly is non the instance. About 2 % of the U.S. population has epilepsy with 100,000 new instances emerging each twelvemonth. Many things can do a individual to develop epilepsy itself. Epilepsy being defined non as individual ictus but instead several which do non hold any external causes. Some of the common things which cause epilepsy to get down are trauma to the caput, encephalon tumours, genetic sciences, old age, alteration in endocrines ( i.e. pubescence ) , degenerative diseases, and any biochemical abnormalcy. Some of the external beginnings that will convey on a ictus, which is non needfully related to epilepsy, are trauma to the caput, high febrility, intoxicant, and drugs. Once person is really diagnosed with epilepsy there are some assorted factors which will take down the ictus threshold, or likelihood of holding a ictus. Some of these are injury to the caput, menses, deficiency of slumber, intoxicant, emphasis, d rugs, stroboscope visible radiations or any other flickering visible radiations, deficiency of blood and/or O to the encephalon, and lost medicine. Once person has a ictus physicians need to make up ones mind if it was merely external causes, if it could be a tumour or, what is most frequently the instance, whether or non there is any account. Of class it is comparatively easy to find if it was external causes or non. A physician would merely hold to happen out if there were any blows to the caput, intoxicant, drugs, and/or fever involved within the past 24 hours predating the ictus. If non physicians will normally travel on to look for a tumour. The easiest manner to make this is with a computerized imaging scan or CT scan. If there is no evident tumour the physicians will normally travel on to an EEG, electroencephalograph, in which they hook between 16 and 30 electrodes to your caput and so continue to mensurate your encephalon moving ridges and turn them into small lines on a piece of paper. While making this they try to arouse a ictus to see if they can nail where it is coming from. If they can acquire a unsmooth thought th ey will normally look at your CT scan more exhaustively or make an MRI on you. An MRI, magnetic resonance imagination, is similar to a CT scan but much more elaborate. The image shows all assorted tissues really clearly to look more closely for a tumour and more clearly. They use a elephantine magnet somehow to take 100s of images that are unusually thin pieces of your encephalon from all different angles doing it much easier to descry any abnormalcies. If the physicians have any intuitions about anything on the MRI they will sometimes make a MANSCAN. A MANSCAN is the abbreviation for Mental Activity Network Scanner. It is merely like an EEG but with many more electrodes. Alternatively of 16-20 it has 124, rather a difference. The MANSCAN makes it really easy for person to place precisely where ictuss are coming from to see if there is a really little abnormalcy or tumour in the encephalon. Most of the clip the physicians won t proceed to a MANSCAN unless they feel it necessary. ( E ither that or the physicians like to upset insurance bureaus. ) Once physicians have to the full decided that there is non any external cause or tumour, and if the ictuss persist, so they will seek to find what sort of ictus it is in order to set you on the right medicine. There are many different medicines for epilepsy some of which include ( given by normally known trade name or pharmaceutical names ) Celontin, Depakene, Depakote, Dilantin, Phenobarbital, Klonipin, Felbatol, Milontin, Mysoline, Lamictal, Neurontin, Pariadione, Peganone, Tegretol, Tranxene, Tridione, Valium, Valrelease, Zarontin, Diamox, Frisium, Rivotril, Clonop Illinois, Diazemuls, Emeside, Mogadon, Gardenal, Luminal, Epanutin, Epilim, Depomide, and Sabril. Since there are so many I m surely non traveling to travel into any item about them. With as many medicines there are there must be a batch of different types of ictuss. Some of the most common are Grand Mal ( tonic-clonic ) , petit mal, untypical absences, clonic, tonic, childish cramps, and partial. Thankfully 91 % of ictuss can be classified into one or more of these groups and hence be successfully treated. Once once more, with as many ictuss as there are, I m non traveling to travel into any item about all of them, merely one which will be Grand Mal ictuss. Grand Mal ictuss, besides known as tonic-clonic, are the most common of all ictuss. Grand Mal ictuss make up 35 % of all ictus happenings. Grand Mal ictuss have two phases, the quinine water and the clonic. The tonic phase is characterized by fastening of all musculuss and the individual going stiff, stiff, and they will fall to the land. The clonic stage is characterized by the individual holding shudders or traveling into paroxysms depending on the person. Grand Mal seizures involve most or all of the encephalon. In general most epilepsy is non unsafe to an epileptic or anyone nearby. Epilepsy can non be spread unlike a virus or disease. The worst that could go on to an epileptic is if they fell and injured themselves or got into a bad state of affairs. Naturally falling into H2O or into the street is non safe. Falling in the bathroom you can check your caput unfastened or acquire a serious concussion. Of class, most the clip you can populate through any of those scenarios but there is one thing that can go on which is quite damaging ; position epilepticus. Status epilepticus is the term used to bespeak ictuss happening so near together that one ictus runs into another, without recovery of normal intellectual map between ictuss. This can be really detrimental to the encephalon and if it continues for more than five proceedingss without a individual recovering consciousness so medical aid is needed, and fast. Without of all time recovering consciousness that is declarative that the encephalon merely isn T right yet. Status epilepticus is considered a medical exigency and can travel on for 30 proceedingss to hours if left untreated. Regardless of how long it goes on position epilepticus can ever be potentially detrimental. Status epilepticus can do encephalon harm, terrible deceleration, and sometimes even decease. Status epilepticus can be brought approximately merely like the mean ictus regardless of type or by an infection of the encephalon, such as meningitis or phrenitis. The most common cause is an highly low or sudden bead in the s um of medicine in blood degree. Thankfully most of the clip this can be stopped successfully with a individual sing no lasting harm. As with many medical exigencies there is some general first assistance that should be followed by person witnessing a ictus. Despite the common myth a individual will non get down his or her lingua. Therefore it is non necessary to set any objects in a individuals oral cavity before, during, or after a ictus. By making so you could do the individual holding a ictus to break/crack dentition, bite themselves or you, or luxate their ain jaw. The worst that could likely go on is if when a individual began to recover consciousness they choked or suffocated on an object put in their oral cavity. You besides neer want to keep person while they are holding a ictus, this could sometimes besides lead to cram disruption. You would desire to turn over a individual to his/her side so that any spit will run out out of the oral cavity instead than into the dorsum of the pharynx. If possible put something soft under the individuals head such as a coat, pillow, jumper to avoid inordinate banging of t he caput. Clear any crisp, heavy, or potentially unsafe objects within range of the individual off so that no injury can come to person by thrashing and hitting something. Try to loosen any tight vesture around the individuals neck so that take a breathing will non be impaired. After the ictus stay with the individual until they are to the full witting and able to execute normal activities. Try to be soothing and reassuring to the individual. Remember, every bit bad as it may look, there is no ground to name an ambulance unless the ictus persists for five proceedingss. But most significantly.do non panic! Many people do non to the full understand the consequence epilepsy can hold on a individuals life until it happens to somebody you know or run into. Hopefully one twenty-four hours brain doctors will happen a remedy for epilepsy, it would certainly be nice. Devinsky MD, Orrin. A Guide to Understanding and Populating with Epilepsy. Philadelphia, PA. F.A. Davis publishing houses. 1994 Freeman MD, John M. Vining MD, Eileen P.G. Pillas, Diana J. Seizures and Epilepsy in Childhood: A Guide for Parents. Baltimore, Maryland. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1990 Hopkins, Anthony. Appleton, Richard. Epilepsy, the Facts. Oxford University Press. 1996